UML22 — UML2: Behavior without a specification should not be a classifier behavior

Section 13.3.3, in the description of Behavior::specification says: "If a behavior does not have a specification, it is directly associated with a classifier (i.t., it is the behavior of the classifier as a whole."

This appears to be incorrect. Assuming the "associated classifier" is the context Classifier: a Behavior might not be an ownedBehavior of any Classifier and has no context. For example, and Activity in a Package. Such a Behavior could not have a specification, but is not the behavior of any associated classifier.

An ownedBehavior of a context Classifier can be explicitly designated as the behavior of the classifier using the BehavioredClassifier::classifierBehavior property. So there should be no need to define implicit classifier behaviors.

Finally, a BehavioredClassifier might contain any number of ownedBehaviors that factor out reusable, private functions that are used in the implementations of other ownedBehaviors. These behaviors could be invoked using CallBehaviorActions and do not need specification operations. These behaviors would need a parameter for self if they need to refer to information in the context classifier.

The issue correctly points to that the text in Behavior::specification is misleading